Good Eating for Swimmers 游泳最好这样吃

小臭贝

要避免油腻；吃脂肪类食物是可以的，没问题；要避免摄入碳水化合物；碳水化合物是我们食物主要的组成部分；要多吃蛋白质；要平衡饮食（蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物）。这样多的自相矛盾的建议，我们应该怎么作才对呢？

这取决于你相信哪个，你愿意试哪个。食谱，就是你的菜单，每个人都有自己的食谱。有许多人有时会采取特殊的食谱来减肥、增肥或保持体重（无论什么原因）。

哪个食谱最适合你呢？多少脂肪？多少蛋白质？ 多少碳水化合物？哪个最好？答案在于你自己、医生建议和你的身体需要。

这文章将会讲告诉你的一些这方面的建议：

（在你采取你的食谱之前，你应该咨询医生）

一般建议

哪些日常食品适合运动员？

美国食谱（摘自美国农业部）：他们建议从6个组里均衡摄取。这些基于多年的研究和观察结果。

素食食谱：这种食谱会对运动员有些挑战，但是可以做到。实际上， 这是最健康的饮食方案。

40-30-30饮食法：这是一种对生理和健康有较大影响的方式—不要只吃一种食品？是的，但是没有任何饮食方案可以做到。建议改变脂肪、锻炼、OMEGA 3鱼油的搭配组合，控制3种主要营养的配比（40% 碳水化合物、 30%蛋白质和30%的脂肪）。

高蛋白、低碳水化合物：它着重于减低碳水化合物的综合摄取。这看上去不适合一般的场合，限制了大多数的能量来源。

以上方法中，包括未写在上面的，都有不同的作用和指导意义。作为游泳者，和其他运动员，都需要足够的热量以弥补在训练中的缺失。

到底需要多少热量

什么是卡路里？

它是描述某种食物含有多少热量的单位。每克碳水化合物和蛋白质有4 卡的热量，脂肪有9卡。

一个人一天需要多少热量呢？ 一个简单的公式：你的体重（公斤）乘以26.7，结果就是你一天中最低的热量需求；作为一个运动员，你在训练中每小时还要多燃烧800卡。如果你打算继续训练，你需补充能量。怎么补充呢？吃饭。

基本认为，日常饮食中， 大致有60%的热量来自于碳水化合物，15%来自蛋白质，25%来自脂肪。但这会因人而异，因计划而异。

记住，在执行计划前请咨询医生的建议。大多数的专家会建议你把肉类食品分成小份去摄取，而不只放在日常三餐中吃。

饮食和游泳

在锻炼中或锻炼前后，我们应该吃些什么呢？

游泳前：开始前3-4小时吃些易消化的低热量的碳水化合物。例如：果糖类，苹果、梨、酸奶、大豆、菜豆、脱脂牛奶、花生。

游泳中：运动饮料，可以替换体内的电解质和碳水化合物。还有，用于长时间运动的易消化食品。可以中等热量的食品。例如，玉米花、甜土豆、橙子、饼干、橙汁、苹果汁、葡萄、香蕉。

游泳后：一些研究表明在20分钟之内补充所需是最关键的。用水或运动饮料补充水分，用高热量的碳水化合物进一步补充能量。还要增加蛋白质和少量脂肪（准确的说：碳水化合物与蛋白质4:1，再加一点脂肪）帮助恢复。高能量食品为葡萄糖类，例如，西瓜、菠萝、土豆、月饼、面包、软糖、米糕、蜂蜜。

不管你选择什么，记住老话：你就是你吃的东西组成的---如果你不能像运动员那样吃，你就不能成为运动员！

Good Eating for Swimmers

Avoid fat; fat is ok, eat it up. Avoid carbohydrates; carbohydrates should be the major portion of your diet. Consume a high amount protein; eat balanced portions of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. There is a lot of conflicting advice out there. What to do, what to do....
That depends on who you believe and what you are trying to achieve with your food intake. The word diet, in this case, means "what you eat"; everyone is always on a diet. Many people go on special diets from time to time to lose weight or body fat, gain weight or lean (muscle) weight, or maintain weight (among other reasons).

What is the best diet for you - how much fat, protein, and carbohydrate - and how to decide what will work for you? The answer is up to you, your physician, and your personal needs.

This article will touch on some of the current ideas in nutrition, and some of the ways those apply to swimmers.

You should consult your physician before beginning any type of specific diet to avoid or reduce the chance of medical complications.

What are a few of the popular ideas for regular day to day diets for athletes out there?
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (from the US Dept. of Agriculture): They recommend a balanced intake from all food groups (there are six of them now) through use of the food guide pyramid. This approach is based on years of research and observed results. It is also similar to the Unified Dietary Guidelines proposed by five of the major health organizations in the USA.

Vegetarian Diets are varied, from avoiding some meats to absolutely no animal products. These diets are a bit more challenging to make complete for an athlete, but very achievable. In fact, they may be healthier than many other eating plans. This plan (or life choice) has a food pyramid, too.

40-30-30, such as The Zone Diet: A plan based on the concept that what and how you eat has a powerful effect on your physiology and health - don't all diets have this same underlying philosophy? Yes, but not all plans stress it as much as this one.
This plan recommends changes in the composition of dietary fats, exercise, omega-3 fish oils, and controlling the proportions of three main elements of nutrition (intake should be 40% carbohydrates, 30% proteins, and 30% fats).

High Protein, Low Carbohydrate, such as The Atkins Diet: These focus on lowering the overall intake of carbohydrates. These plans do not seem to fit in the general realm of fitness; they limit the most easily accessed source of energy. They are also not recommended by the American Dietetic Association due to the larger portions of fat and increased demand on kidney and liver function.
Each of these plans, and many others, all have different rules and guidelines to follow in regards to what to eat - they also have recommendations on how much to eat. Swimmers, like other athletes, need to take in enough calories to offset those used in exercise (and used during the non-workout times, too).

What is a calorie?
A unit of measure that tells you how much "energy" is in a type of food. Carbohydrates and protein have 4 calories per gram while fat has 9 calories per gram. Some diets also consider the glycemic index of foods, or how fast a food increases the level of glucose in the blood.

How many calories do people need in a day? A very rough rule is to multiply your weight in pounds by 12 - this is probably the minimum calories you need to get by day to day; as an athlete, you will need more - you could burn an extra 800 (or more) calories every hour during a workout. If you want to continue to be able to practice, you need to replace this spent energy. How? By eating!!

Basic guidelines state that in a general diet, approximately 60 % of your daily calories should come from carbohydrates, 15% from protein, and 25% from fats.

This will vary from plan to plan and from person to person, and the exact breakdown is up to you.
Remember, you should consult your physician before beginning any type of specific diet to avoid or reduce the chance of medical complications. Most experts also advise athletes to break up their meals into smaller mini-meals throughout the day, as opposed to just a breakfast, lunch and dinner.

What about specific guidelines on what to eat before, during, and after exercise?

Before- eat a meal 3 to 4 hours before the start, comprised of primarily easy to digest carbohydrates with a low glycemic index . Some low index foods: fructose (a sugar, has an index of 23 out of 100) apples, pears, yogurt, soy beans, kidney beans, skim milk, and peanuts.

During - consume "sport type drinks" that will replace both electrolytes and carbohydrates. Other easily digested foods may be consumed during prolonged periods of exercise or on those long meet days; look for low to moderate glycemic index foods. Some moderate index foods: lactose (a sugar, has an index of 46 out of 100) popcorn, sweet potatoes, orange, oatmeal cookies, orange juice, apple juice, grapes, and bananas.

After - some studies show timing is key - begin replenishing within the first 20 minutes.

Re-hydrate, using water or more sports drink and replenish fuel stores even further by consuming carbohydrates with a high to moderate glycemic index.
There is also a growing movement to add protein - and perhaps a slight amount of fat (4 parts carbohydrate to 1 part protein, and some incidental fat) to aid recovery. Some high index foods: glucose (glycemic index 100 out of 100) watermelon, pineapple, potatoes, waffles, bagels, bread, jelly beans, rice cakes, honey, soft drinks, and Rice Krispies.

Whatever diet you choose, remember the old saying "you are what you eat" - and if you don't eat like an athlete, you cannot perform like one!

Swim On!

游泳后的饮食与保健
　　人类的食物可分为酸性食物和碱性食物。酸性食物常含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪和糖类，可降低血液、体液内的ph值，水果、蔬菜一般为碱性食物，能阻止血液向酸性变化。

　　美国一位病理学家指出：只有体液呈现弱碱性才能保持人体健康。人在健身运动和游泳后会感到肌肉关节酸胀和精神疲乏，其主要原因是体内的糖、脂肪、蛋白质被大量分解，在分解过程中产生乳酸性物质，使人感到肌肉、关节酸胀和精神疲乏。所以，此时应多吃 些蔬菜、水果等碱性食物来平衡体液的酸碱度。

　　泳后保健：⑴游泳后，避免感染，及时洗澡，才不会造成皮肤痒痛。⑵如果耳朵进水，会使耳油的酸硷度遭到破坏，影响耳油预防细菌感染的功能。这时，在游泳后，抹几滴醋和酒精是相当有效的方法。⑶泳后，及时用1—2百分的盐水洗眼，或滴几滴眼药水，以防感染和不良刺激。