公开水域游泳——如何判断方向？
by chinaswim享受人生
有一天，我在一个很大的、没有泳道线的泳池里面游泳，发现一个巨大的障碍就是没办法判断方向，因为水的能见度只有2米，水下没有任何方向标志，转头换气的时候也只能看到侧面的景物，没办法判断自己是否向着目标游进，没法判断自己离目标还有多远……茫茫一片。
接下来的好几天我都在想这个问题，那些游公开水域的、铁人三项的，他们怎么控制自己的方向呢？
没想到这个简单的问题，在国内的圈子里面还真是一难题，似乎没有人对此有经验的总结和技巧见著；也没有看到1988年就开始挑战公开水域的张健先生有哪些经验分享。毕竟国内的公开水域才刚刚起步（08年奥运会上公开水域比赛成为正式比赛项目），大多数人都在说还需要积累经验，多去练习。
8月份全国公开水域成人游泳公开赛就要在合肥举行了，虽然说很多人采用蛙泳来辨别方向，但是在长距离公开水域游泳上，蛙泳的劣势较大。
每个动作周期中，蛙泳消耗的能量比自由泳多；
在有明确的水流方向的水域中，蛙泳依赖的“滑行”受到水流的影响要比连续划臂的自由泳要多；
对于像铁人三项的第一项的游泳，下面还有上百公里的自行车和跑步，应该使用最省力的方式完成游泳；
我在这个时候找到了这篇好文章，是作者多年的Open Water Swimming的经验总结。这篇文章不仅仅回答了我的问题，而且，所有我想到的、没想到的问题，他这里都有详尽的解释说明。真棒！这是节选的一段，专门解决方向问题，在我看来，是非常的专业、实用和宝贵的经验！
下面的部分是机器翻译：
你能在没有在底部上画线的地方保持正确的方向吗? 大部分的公开水域文章都告诉你每隔一定的划臂次数就抬头看一次。尝试在一个池中练习，举起你的头的尝试提高头部，看泳道末端。找到一个你最舒服的划臂次数间隔。完成这些的, 你已经抓住在公开水游泳导航的最重要部份。这就是所有你能够做的, 但是“提高”部分帮助你加速而且使它变成更容易。
提高:
* 抬头看使你减慢而且使疲倦。 如果你能停留在路线上,每隔 20个划臂抬头一次比每 6个划臂抬头看一次更好。 不是怕抬头而减慢速度，是怕游泳兜圈子。解决办法将练习闭上你的眼睛在游泳池游。泳道线会很快地使你发现向哪一个方向偏。然后练习使你的方向更准、更稳定。
* 知道浮标大概在什么位置，……下一次抬头的时候就可以很快地看到它。
* 不要看得时间太长。 如果你没有快速得见你的浮标, 就采取另外的一个划臂再看。或许你的脸放回原处之前，你可能只得到浮标的一瞥。但是这有助于你在下一次看浮标的时候预估浮标在什么位置。在复杂的水域中，你可能在一个划臂的抬头过程中处于的波谷, 看不见一个浮标。 但是稍等二个划臂, 你可能就到了波峰上，能够看到百码之远。注意，就算你在波峰上,浮标也有可能在一个波谷中。即使你当时看不见浮标，也请继续在你认为的方向上游泳，这总比停止好，直到你看见它。虽然救生员以他们的抬头自游泳, 我们不必。因为一个救生员的目标更加有可能随时在水中消失(而且有很严重的后果)
* 跟随其它人。 如果你正在和其它人一起比赛游泳，而且他们似乎在一条直线中游泳,跟随他们就好了。但是他们或许也有可能离开航线、改变方向,你应该仍然定期地检查方向。
* 找对你能使用如作记号的人或者旁边的事物。切萨皮克海湾游泳是比较流行的公开水域之一游泳，但是它的导航相当容易。游泳从海湾的海岸西部到海岸东部在桥的二个桥垮中间去。我很少地在这游泳中抬头向前看。当我在我的左边呼吸的时候，……
* 使用你的想像。在附近有许多事物能帮助你留在一条直线。我已经用正在进入水的日光的光线帮助我留在一条直线。当然这种方法不是完美的, 但是如果它让我在只有每隔 20个划臂而不是 6个划臂就能保持直线, 它值得。
* 不要给你的位置作大的调整。 如果你偏离了方向, 那就慢慢地改变你的方向。记住：从你的现在位置到下一个浮标的最短的距离是一条直线,。不要笔直地游回到其他游泳的选手中间。只要记住调整方向，直接去下一个浮标处就可以了。如果你逐渐地从原有最短的路径偏离，但是你发现后从最新的最短路径游过去，最终你其实不会走很多冤枉路。 1.5K 游泳距离上，也许你能偏离最短路径 40 米以上, 但是你最终只会多游10 米。
原文：
Can you swim in the right direction when there is no line painted on the bottom? Most of the articles I have read on open water swimming deal with this issue by telling you to look up every few strokes. Practice in a pool. Try lifting your head up and looking at the end of your lane. Lift your head at different times during your stroke and see what feels most comfortable. With that accomplished, you have tackled the most important part of navigation in open water. That is really all you need to be able to do, although there are refinements to help you speed up and make it easier.
Refinements:
* Looking up slows you down and tires you out. If you can stay on course, you will be much better off looking up every 20 strokes as opposed to every 6 strokes. But that is a big "if." Not looking up may speed you up, but that doesn't do much good if you start swimming in circles. The classic solution to this is to practice swimming a length of the pool with your eyes closed. The lane ropes will quickly make it apparent in which direction you naturally veer. Work to straighten out your stroke.
* Know where to expect the buoy (I'll use the term buoy, even though you may end up using some other landmark) when you look. It is a whole lot easier to find the North Star if you start by looking generally north. Likewise, it is a whole lot easier to spot a buoy or some other target if you generally look in the right direction and know where to expect it. During swim practices in the pool, I look at the pace clock in the middle of swims. Because I am too far down the pool by my second breath off the wall, I get only one chance to read it. In order to get a good reading, I need to know where I expect to see the second hand.
* Don't look for too long. If you don't spot your marker (buoy) quickly, take another stroke and look again then. Or you may have only gotten a glimpse of the buoy before you had to put your face back in the water. But this should help you spot it more quickly the next time you look. In choppy or rough water, you may be in the trough of a wave in one stroke, making a buoy impossible to see. But two strokes later, you may be on the crest and able to see for hundreds of yards. Note also that even though you may be on the crest of the wave, the buoy may be in a trough. Oh well, it is better to keep swimming in the direction where you think the buoy is located than to stop until you sight it. Although lifeguards swim with their heads up, we don't have to. A lifeguard's target is much more likely to disappear under the water than a big orange buoy (and have greater consequences, too).
* Follow others. If you are swimming with others, and they appear to be swimming in a straight line, just follow them. But even though they will probably not intentionally veer off course, you should still check periodically.
* Find things to the side that you can use as markers. Although at 4.4 miles, the Great Chesapeake Bay Swim is one of the longer popular open water swims, it is quite easy navigationally. The swim goes from the western shore of the bay to the eastern shore between the two spans of the bridge. I rarely had to look forward in this swim. I saw the south span whenever I breathed on my right and the north span when I breathed on my left. Likewise, you can use the shore to keep you on target.
* Use your imagination. There are lots of things around that can help you stay in a straight line without looking up too often. I have used the direction that the rays of sunlight are entering the water to help me stay in a straight line. It certainly isn't perfect, but if it allows me to look up only every 20 strokes instead of 6, it is worth it.
* Don't make big adjustments to your position. If you find yourself quite a ways to the side of the course, change your direction to slowly move back. Remember that the shortest distance from your current position to the next turn is a straight line, no matter where you are. Don't bother swimming straight back to the other swimmers before heading for the next turn; just go for the next turn. You really do not swim much further if you gradually move away from the shortest path and then gradually move back. On an out and back 1.5K swim, you can swim over 40 meters to the side on each leg of the swim, and still swim only an additional 10 meters for the entire swim. |
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
千斤顶
显身卡
